Pharmacy Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug store Application - Essay Example It made me wish that I could accomplish something for the individuals I abandoned in Vietnam or if nothing else plan something for respect their memory. Some time in 2010, I concluded that so as to rest easy thinking about my favorable luck, of having gone to the place where there is bounty, I expected to offer back to the network in memory of those evil individuals I left in Vietnam. My quest for pertinent low maintenance work drove me to the Oak Park Regional Medical Center. For over a year, I accomplished right hand work in the Critical Care Unit Dentistry Department where part of my obligations included helping the dental specialists with desk work, disinfecting their apparatuses, filling water pitchers, wiping out racks and restocking supplies. While I was working there, I started to see that the patients who were being dealt with additionally had indistinguishable protests from the ones in Vietnam, the drugs were excessively costly. Be that as it may, some way or another they figured out how to manage the cost of it. I thought about whether this case was the equivalent wherever in America. At that point in 2012, I wound up satisfying my fantasy about regarding the memory of my kinsmen by chipping in at the Shawnee Medical Mission Center. This was the first occasion when that I was presented to the universe of Pharmacy. Here I was entrusted to do my part at the In-Patient Pharmacy. My obligations here were a higher priority than those that I did at the clinical focus. I was by and by responsible for checking and evacuating obsolete drugs structure the flexibly retires, just as naming prescriptions. I sensed that I was in my component as I carried out my responsibility there. It felt like the ideal fit for me. So I started to think about a vocation in Pharmacy. While I was thinking about this thought, I discovered that my relative in Vietnam had built up a degenerative nerve infection and she was unable to manage the cost of her prescription which just expense $.50 Vietnam pennies. She kicked the bucket not long after her analysis since they couldn't stand to medication. This was the impetus that I was searching for. My family members passing pushed me to select

American Revolution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Revolution - Research Paper Example Rousseau and Montesquieu successfully advanced republicanism, liberal idea, law based standards and strict resistance and along these lines, filled in as a significant forerunner to the American Revolution (Ray, 24). Notwithstanding huge political reason for the American Revolution, financial relations framed inside American Colonies were further developed than those in Britain, in this manner further heightening the development towards autonomy. Political development towards American autonomy began with the main Continental Congress, happened in 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Essentially, it spoke to a show of representatives from twelve American settlements yet the Province of Georgia. The First Continental Congress settled on two significant political choices with first being blacklist declaration of British merchandise and the second - declaration of Second Continental Congress (Schecter, 39). During the last mentioned, the United States Declaration of Independence has been proclaimed, a significant political advance to the power of a youthful state. Moreover, this political activity set off the confirmation of the Articles of Confederation, which happened following a time of political conversations. During the American Revolution, political advancement has been persistently went with military activity, happening on the North America domain as well as globally (Higginbotham, 19). English military battle built up against the Revolutionaries has been generally amassed in Massachusetts. As indicated by recorded feeling, the clashes of Lexington and Concord are viewed as the official start of the American Revolutionary War (Higginbotham, 22). The supposed Boston crusade brought about two eminent occasions: probably the bloodiest skirmish of the war - the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775) and unification of pilgrim local army into rational customary armed force by George Washington. From the basic point of view, the early British military methodology in the North American has been perceived as inadequate due to some degree to the Secretary of State for Colonies Lord George Germain's uncouth administration. The absence of compelling coordination for the all out war exertion permitted the two primary British militaries in North America - General Howe in New York and General John Burgoyne in Canada - to act nearly as free powers, instead of a synchronized group (Black, 117-121). In 1777, Burgoyne endeavored to cut off New England from the center states by driving south along the Richelieu River, through Lake Champlain, and down the Hudson River (Banes and Charles Royster, 94-99). To oppose Burgoyne's development, George Washington with recently shaped Continental Army surged fortifications north to Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, while keeping his outstanding power in New Jersey where he could shield

The Perks of Being a Humanities Major

The Perks of Being a Humanities Major Read Read Read Read Read Read Write Such is the life of a HASS major. There are readings with short names, like “Racisms,” and readings with incomprehensible names, like “Intersectionality and the Ethics of Transnational Surrogacy.” There are readings on the history of education methods and policies that make me both happy and sad. For every excellent teacher and idea, there is a way to fail. There are readings that illuminate everyday subjects in an entirely new light. The question then is, “Why didn’t I think of it that way before?” Sometimes it’s also, “Did I ever need to?” This semester, I am taking two philosophy classes, though entirely by chance. I’m certainly not a Philosophy (Course 24) major, but so far the experience has strained my brain in wonderfully new ways. Or old ones, considering that the readings activate primarily my math-proof neurons. I had not previously encountered texts that I could not decipher. Now I may not fully comprehend a large portion of an assignment. Professors who interpret it later in class amaze me. My favorite readings are those that resemble mathematical proofs or provide “scientific” evidence. The proofs employ the same mechanisms that mathematicians use. Except the proofs are about, say, the non-existence of “races.” All kinds of logic methods can transform social ideas into precise concepts that can be discussed, disproven, or altered. Then to be discussed, disproven, or altered by another philosopher, who quotes his predecessors extensively, mostly to disagree. Many sentences begin with “I will argue” or “I will examine.” Quite different from math class, where we were taught not to use the personal pronoun “I” in proofs. After hours of absorbing the style of featured authors, I begin to repeat their words or divide my experiences into distinct categories. Quoting articles about intersectionality does not make me the life of the party. One other class I’m taking is about Economics, a subject which I’m clueless about beyond the popular narratives of public figures. The class is 17.309 Science, Technology, and Public Policy, arguably the most useful Political Science class offered at a tech school. We’ll have guest lectures by MIT speakers who have influenced the class topics in profound ways. I enjoy my assignments, though their format is shocking after a year at MIT. It’s odd not to pset here. Nor have weekly deadlines. Instead, every day, I have new readings on new subjects. “Essay season” replaces “midterm season.” Instead of a weekly/monthly spike in deadlines, I get a continuous flow of work. The con of such a lifestyle at MIT is loneliness. I am the only humanities major on my floor, and the only sophomore in my department. I don’t take classes alongside similarly involved people, and thus don’t often get to challenge my thoughts and misconceptions. For most students, the humanities courses are secondary to their technical requirements. I had to scour the course catalog multiple times to select my five classes. And I can’t imagine what will happen to my schedule next year, when I will have exhausted all relevant choices. MIT doesn’t offer many options for its purely HASS majors, and cross-registration is limited to 24 units (~ two classes). I can’t utter common phrases like, “I’m taking 3-4 technicals and a HASS.” I’m taking four HASSes and no technicals. I don’t discuss my classes in terms of numbers, and have to instead pronounce lengthy names (try “Science, Technology, and Public Policy”). I don’t get to turn in psets or participate in pset parties or do other pset-related activities. But there are pros to being a HASS major at MIT as well (and there are quite surprisingly 19 different HASS majors!). I enjoy my work and can still engage in conversations with my friends about the topics covered, albeit informally. My HASSes are “technical” and engaging for the brain. Most of them are offered by several departments, and so I get a variety of perspectives. I also get the resources of a small department. Poli Sci has 30-ish faculty members for 10-ish students. The picture of every undergrad goes on the departmental wall. All of us can fit into one room for weekly socials. We have 24/7 access to a tiny kitchen with a coffee machine and a fancy tea selection. I have priority to get into the oversubscribed Course 17  (Political Science) offerings. I get surprised looks from people when I tell them my major. Admittedly, it does feel a bit special. So there’s that for now. The summary of three Course 17 weeks. I will write more about my classes and activities when those get settled. For now, the MIT world is still awhirl with all kinds of fairs: for global opportunities, sophomore experiences, and careers. Student organizations hold open houses to lure new members with food and performances. We are still only getting a taste of academics, though midterm/essay season is slowly creeping close. Tomorrow, I will submit my first essay draft (which I haven’t started in lieu of this post). The freshmen will have their first 8.01 exam, my ever-favorite midterm experience. The leftover rollercoaster timber has been completely swept away from the East Campus courtyard by students eager to build new things. The careless waste of time from Orientation days is no longer possible. Once again laundry is becoming an ordeal. Life is back on the MIT track. Post Tagged #Course 17 - Political Science #Course 24-1 - Philosophy

What Christian Literature Is Essay - 4677 Words

What Christian Literature Is Lewis here writes about Christianity and literature, specifically what is Christian literature and how does it differ with secular literature. He read this paper to a religious society at Oxford fairly early in his Christian walk. The question he seems to be answering is, What is Christian literature? His main argument is that the rules for good literature are the same for both Christian and non-Christian. He writes, The rules for writing a good passion play or a good devotional lyric are simply the rules for writing tragedy or lyric in general; He goes on to use a typical Lewisian styly argument by discussing a Christian cook book, Boiling an egg is the same process whether you are a Christian or a†¦show more content†¦Or is the other way around? The cultural minded person is less able to come to Christ and he must lay down all of his cultural understanding to come to Christ? The argument he is putting forward goes something like this, culture is a reflection of Christian values. These values are not explicitly the same as Christian virtues, they are shadows or remembrances of the real thing. The illustrations he uses are very good. He says, They resemble the regenerate life only as affection resembles charity, or honour resembles virtue, or the moon the sun. But though the like is not the same, it is better than unlike. In this sense culture can be an instrument of salvation for some, though not all. This will also give a good reason for the pursuit of a better cultural understanding, through the understanding of culture we better understand how the biblical truths become relevant in society. His argument seems to me to be sound. He is addressing people who are interested in theology and he is making a strong theological argument. As far as problems or weaknesses in it I would say I wished he held to the total depravity of man because from my own perspective I dont see that as a contradiction to what he is saying. We from a reformed perspective do believe that man still shows forth in some degree the Glory of God. This doesnt mean the same thing as total depravityShow MoreRelatedSupernatural, Supernatural And Supernatural1327 Words   |  6 Pagesthey read and analyze literature, there is a multitude of ways that the supernatural can be interpreted. A reader should consider what is supernatural about a certain situation in the text. Are there faeries, witches, wizards and ghosts? What about spells, dragons or angels and devils? By observation, the supernatural or magical senses usually involve a character with certain power, usually the main character or hero of the stor y. What are the motives of these characters and what are they doing thatRead MoreThe Lewis s Place As A Twentieth Century Writer1286 Words   |  6 PagesC.S Lewis’s Place as a Twentieth-Century Writer During the 100 years between the year 1901 and the year 2000 C.S Lewis was not only able to inspire the Christians of his time, but he was able to cause social change by addressing the issues of his time through literature. As seen in many of his works, such as The Abolition of Man, The Problem of Pain, and, The Chronicles of Narnia, Lewis used to the influence he had over his readers to advocate for the important problems with society during the 20thRead MoreThe Influential Book of the Bible886 Words   |  4 Pagesearth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord. To many people this statement depicts a picture of what it will be like when Christ comes back to the world, to others its merely a prophecy to when Jesus came in the New Testament. What is so miraculous though is that we, as humans, have had the knowledge of God with us through generations. Even non-Christians who never read the Holy Word gain some knowledge of the glory of the Lord without even realizi ng it; and that is throughRead MoreSuperb Motivation. Literature Possesses The Capability1749 Words   |  7 PagesSuperb Motivation Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive this powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influentialRead MoreThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1724 Words   |  7 Pages Literature possesses the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the f all of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time,Read MoreEssay on Legacy of Rome and Christianity923 Words   |  4 Pagessecond part, when the empire began to fall after Constantines reign -- the vibrant Christian age. (Matthews, 174) After this last stage, both secular and Christian writers competed for the attention of educated Romans. Christian writers deemed Rome worth saving; they looked towards a new future and new hopes. Secular writers on the other hand, did not experiment with new styles and consequently, Christian literature dominated the era. Some of the best-known writers that explore religious writingsRead MoreThe Impact Of Literature On Literature And The Social View Of Poetry1391 Words   |  6 Pages Literature possess the capability to vastly influence the world, and those who find a way to impact literature drive the powerful influence. Few people in the history of literature publicized as many thoughts and critical views as T.S. Eliot, and by disseminating his opinions throughout the literature world, Eliot found a way to communicate new perspectives and tastes in literature (Worthen). Born in the fall of 1888, T.S. Eliot grew up to become one of the most influential poets of all time, asRead MoreThe Garden, The Apple And The Fall-982 Words   |  4 PagesThe Garden, The Apple and The Fall- The Retelling of The Fall of Man from Paradise in Western Literature Western literature, particularly that of a religious nature, is replete with references to paradise, a transcendental reality in which man exists in his ideal state. In the western canon, the Garden of Eden is ubiquitous with this paradise or heaven. What is the Garden of Eden? In what ways has man’s fall from paradise influenced the mindset and psyche of modern man? Like many tales inRead MoreAnalysis Of Mohsin Hamid s The Reluctant Fundamentalist890 Words   |  4 Pagesnostalgia proves to be Erica’s demise. This paper will assert that much like Erica, America suffered from its’ own nostalgia after the events on 9/11. Changing from a time of embraced multiculturalism, America longs to return to a simpler, more Christian time. At times this means isolating itself from the world as it clings to American exceptionalism. Its own isolation and nostalgia proves destructive to its beauty and light. Still, I will further argue that not just America’s nos talgia is problematicRead MoreBeowulf And The Germanic Heroic Code Of Values, Traditions, And Customs1522 Words   |  7 Pagesculture, and these cultural constructions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout the lifetime of the culture. A major part of culture is literature; the literature of the time reflects upon daily life and society during the time that the story was composed. Beowulf, an epic poem, is one of the most important and only works of Anglo-Saxon literature. Much like a fable, the epic poem of Beowulf had lessons that taught the people within this society how to behave. This essay will outline how the

The Relationship Between Nutrients And Mood - 1360 Words

Many studies have been conducted -- with interesting results -- showing the relationship between nutrients and mood. Research shows it is clear that no one single nutrient (with the exception of lithium) can provide a reliably effective treatment for mood disorders. Rather, the evidence implies that a broad range of nutrients are involved in achieving optimum mental stability: †¢ Clinical Trials Clinical Trial Table 1: Micronutrient-mood case studies and case series (PDF) Clinical Trial Table 2: Micronutrient-mood randomized controlled trials (PDF) †¢ Mechanism Of Nutrient Action Various micronutrient-related factors are associated with increased risk of psychiatric illness, and micronutrients play essential roles in an array of brain†¦show more content†¦Gastrointestinal tract disruptions and psychiatric disorders show remarkably high co-morbidity.29 For example, most studies that have investigated the co-morbidity of irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disorders show prevalence of psychiatric disorders in irritable bowel syndrome patients to be 90% or greater. 30 Higher, genetically-based micronutrient requirements Research is uncovering major genetic risk factors in psychiatric illness.31 Up to one-third of gene mutations result in decreased enzyme binding affinity for corresponding coenzymes, including vitamins and minerals.32 As a result, individuals with certain genotypes may have significantly higher requirements for essential micronutrients in key mood-related brain pathways. 32 33 44 Low micronutrient intake exacerbates the problem Low micronutrient intake may contribute to psychiatric illness.34 35 36 Intake of many micronutrients is inadequate in the United States, as shown in Figure 2. RDA levels are deemed to be â€Å"sufficient to meet the dietary requirements of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) of healthy individuals†, but do not ensure mental health for at-risk sub-populations:13 â€Å"intake at the level of the RDA or AI would not necessarily be expected to replete individuals previously undernourished, nor would it be adequate for disease states marked by increased requirements.† 37 †¢

Sexual Harassment And The Equal Employment Opportunity...

Sexual harassment is any unwanted or unwelcomed attention whether it is by touching or talking in a way he/she doesn’t like. â€Å"Approximately 15,000 sexual harassment cases are brought to the equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC) each year.† These numbers reflect where people speak up wanting justice for their case. All over the world, not just America, this is a major problem for women and some men but mainly women. In October of this year, I started my new job as a hostess at a seafood restaurant. It was my first week on the job. One of the duties as a hostess is to answer the phone, answer customer questions, make to go orders, and reservations. I was extremely nervous to answer the phone because I was scared of being asked question I didn’t know the answer to. The girl I was working with said â€Å"You need to get use to answering the phone -- just in case you are here by yourself†. So, I answered the phone. It was a man who acted like he knew me. I asked if there was anything I could help him with and the call just took a turn for the worse. It turned very inappropriate, very fast and I immediately hung up the phone. My manager said it was probably an older man who noticed me at the bar, which was an unsettling feeling knowing that this type of situation could happen to me again or any of the females that worked there especially the female bartenders. The bartenders I work with are strictly there to do their job and to provide for their family. One isShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment Essay1170 Words   |  5 PagesSexual harassment is so ordinary in the workforce that frequently we fail to even recognize harassing behavior as immoral. This is because so many of us--women and men alike--have become desensitized to offensive behaviors. Sexual harassment in any form is unacceptable behavior and should not be tolerated by anyone. It undermines our ability to study, to work, and to feel like effective, empowered people in the world. The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission describes sexual harassment asRead MoreA Look Into Sexual Harassment1231 Words   |  5 PagesA Look into Sexual Harassment A Look into Sexual Harassment Sexual Harassment is a form of sex discrimination which is a violation of Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964. Sexual Harassment cases come in two different forms, quid pro quo and atmosphere of harassment (hostile work environment). Here we will look at some facts and examples, statistics, and one cases involving sexual harassment. First we start with the facts. Quid pro quo means something for something, and a hostileRead MoreThe Equal Employment Opportunity Commission1454 Words   |  6 Pages THE EQUAL EMPLOYMENT 2 This paper is intended to shed light to the author on a Federal government website in lieu to its usefulness in human resource management. In this paper, the Federal government website of choice which will be critically analyzed is the The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) website. Some of the areas of interest in this report are the specific commercial, trade, legislative, regulatory or statistical information in the Equal Employment OpportunityRead MoreAnalysis Of Ohio Bath Solutions, Llc Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on those people’s membership in a protected class† (p. 81). Acts of illegal discrimination can include excluding candidates from employment or promotion decisions, or paying them less based on their membership in a protected class. Organizations that are found guilty of discrimination can be sued by the victim or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), or both. However, there are ways that an organization can mitigate or prevent discrimination in the workplace. Creating policiesRead MoreSexual Harassment And The Civil Rights Act Of 19641706 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is sexual harassment? The Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network defines sexual harassment as, â€Å"unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in which submission to or rejection of such conduct explicitly or implicitly affects a n individual s work or school performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work or school environment† (Rape, Abuse and Incest National Network, 2009). In the United States Sexual harassmentRead MoreCase Analysis: Role of the EEOC1774 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Equal Employment Introduction Lauren Goldston, an employee at Sangrias Mexican Cafà ©, a restaurant in Tucker, Georgia complained of being sexually harassed by a male cook at the restaurant. The cook engaged in unwelcome sexual advances, remarks, and inappropriate touching. Goldston reported the conduct to the restaurants owner. Goldstons mother, Sara, aunt Francesca, and uncle, Max, all worked at the restaurant as well. They also reported the sexual harassment on numerous occasions. InsteadRead MoreLegal Case Study On Legal Cases Essay858 Words   |  4 Pages The two legal cases I studied involved sexual harassment. Both cases were similar, in that each involved multiple people and the plaintiffs were terminated in retaliation for reporting the alleged violations. In the first case, three female employees reported claims of sexual harassment against a warehouse supervisor with New Breed Logistics. The three stated they were subjected to lewd, obscene and vulgar sexual remarks, as well as, unwelcome sexual touching. Additionally, a male employeeRead MorePreventing Sexual Harassment At The Workplace978 Words   |  4 PagesPreventing Sexual Harassment in the Workplace An anti-harassment policy should be set and published to every company by the employer; moreover, this policy should state and allow the employees to complain if the harassment and discrimination occur. However, employers are likely to be negligent about the important of investigating complaints of sexual harassment and appropriate solutions. (Tremblay, 2008) The most effective weapon against sexual harassment is prevention. It is impossibleRead MoreEssay on Sexual Harassment1046 Words   |  5 Pagesvictim of sexual pressure. These instances can take place at work, school, the military and even at church. But exactly what is sexual exploitation or unwanted sexual behavior? 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Rationing Healthcare free essay sample

Facts such as these lead most experts and scholars such as Peter Singer, bioethics professor at Princeton University, to believe rationing of healthcare is not only necessary but highly desired for all stakeholders involved. The fact of the matter is that healthcare is a scarce resource, and like all scarce resources, it requires close management and rationing to ensure its best use. At present, healthcare in a sense, is rationed through price. In the realm of public opinion however, rationing healthcare is often times connected to the highly politicized word, ‘socialism’ and is highly undesired. In its truest form however, rationing simply put, is a way of distributing limited resources to garner the best overall â€Å"bang for the buck. † In healthcare, rationing is a manner of which providing the best quality of care to the largest number of patients. Investopedia defines rationing as: The artificial restriction of raw materials, goods or services. Rationing commonly occurs when governments fear a shortage and want to make sure people have access to necessities, such as after a natural disaster or during a war. Governments can also impose rationing in the face of failed policies such as central planning, or may be forced to use rationing as a result of shortages (Definition of ’Rationing’, 2013, p. 1). This paper’s purpose is to examine the rationale behind the rationing of healthcare. It will examine the affect it has on healthcare delivery, impact on healthcare providers and consumers, possible solutions, and the role healthcare administrators/managers play in the process. The paper will reference institutions such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and other national healthcare systems like Great Britain, Australia, and Canada. In addition, a definition of quality-adjusted life-year will be presented and debated as a possible option to ration care fair and proportionately. Affect Rationing Has on Healthcare Delivery. Challenger’s arguement. Sally C. Pipes, Chief Executive officer of Pacific Research Institute and adversary to the rationing of healthcare, wrote an article titled â€Å"Obama Will Ration Your Healthcare. Within the article, many subjects are discussed, including the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), a rationing system that controls government costs. It is Pipes’ belief that rationing healthcare will result in the elderly population being discriminated against due to cost benefit analysis. Her article goes on further to state, â€Å"the process of determining whi ch drugs and which treatments would be approved for use would be quickly politicized† (Pipes, 2008, para. 9). There is strong argument that rationing healthcare would ultimately fail in the hands of public opinion. To make this point, Pipes references lessons learned in managed care during the 1990’s. The goal of cost containment was successful however rejected by US citizens resulting in Congress passing a patient’s Bill of Rights (Pipes, 2008, para. 8). Other advocates against healthcare rationing state similar responses to Sally Pipes. Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez, members of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, go as far as quoting Euripedes, 500 B. C. I hate the men who would prolong their lives by foods and drinks and charms of magic art perverting natures course to keep off death. They ought, when they no longer serve the land to quit this life, and clear the way for youth. It is their firm belief that through rationing, healthcare would result in the elderly and disabled populations being limited in their care because of a measure called a quality-adjusted life- year (QALY). QALY is a unit designed to enable a comparison of the benefits achieved by different forms of health care (Singer, 2009, para. 22). Andre and Velasquez state the morals of such rationing would be unjust and take away constitutional rights to receive equal care. Proponent’s arguement. Many proponents for rationing healthcare resources feel it is only a matter of time before it becomes necessary. Healthcare analysts and providers predict a health care crisis because of: * Costs of Healthcare * Increased number of uninsured individuals * Unknown status of current healthcare system Factors that are affecting these conclusions consist of: * Expenses are rising faster than the cost of living. Medicare and Medicaid spending (which comprises 26 percent of the federal budget) is expanding faster than the economic growth rate * Individuals and their families continue to pay a significant amount out of pocket (Ukleja Center for Ethical Leadership, 2012, Slide 3) While these factors are compelling, the numbers representing US spending costs ultimately lend credence to the argument for healthcare rationing. In June of 2011, the National Coalition on Health Care reported healthcare spending reached 18. 2% of US Gross Domestic Product (GDP), up by 5. % from the prior year (The National Coalition on Health Care, 2011, p. 1). With a continued climb in spending, insolvency of the current healthcare system could occur as early as eight years. President Obama has plainly stated â€Å"that America’s health care system is broken† (Singer, 2009, para. 5). Proponents for the rationing of healthcare are in agreement with the President and see little to no alternative. While some feel rationing is the way to avoid bankrupting the healthcare system others believe the wrong form of rationing is already occurring in the form of ability to pay. Examples of such rationing comes in the form of pharmaceutical deductibles for life saving medication. If the individual is unable to afford the medication they go without. Professionals like Simon Rottenberg, Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, and David J. Theroux, President and Chief Executive Officer of The Independent Institute and Publisher of The Independent Review, warn against this form of rationing and instead, believe it should be based on a measurement of life quality. They state: There is a strong emotional attraction for price controls as a way for the government to â€Å"do something. † However, well-intentioned motives are not enough—the results also count and whether the consequences from government action are beneficial to the public, especially the disadvantaged, or not (Rottenberg amp; Theroux, 1994, p. 1). Examples of where well-intentioned government motives failed in their attempts to ration health care based on price can be found in Germany and Japan. Due to the belt tightening based price rationing both countries experienced shortages of medications, reduced funding for research, and black market criminal activity, along with dissatisfied patients (Rottenberg amp; Theroux, 1994, p. 2). Although there is a valid argument for rationed care, determination of what factor should be used to determine who gets what care is still up for debate. Under the solutions category of this paper quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) will be further defined and labeled as the best way to ration care. A method for calculating QALY will be explained and its validity defended. Current Impact on Healthcare Consumers and Institutions. Health care organizations around the world all rely on some form of rationing of care due to limited resources. Ultimately rationing limits access to healthcare. In the case of the United States, this is done through health coverage both government and private. Creating a universal coverage system will require a rationing system that is both ethical and cost effective. Its impacts can only be examined in theory based on review and comparing of the US to that of other countries’ such as Canada and Great Britain. Review of healthcare rationing in the United States. When comparing the United States’ current healthcare coverage system to those of other countries, the country does not measure up. Under the current system, health care costs in the US result in absorption of approximately one in six dollars of national spending (Singer, 2009). A poor economy along with increased healthcare costs have reduced the number of those with healthcare coverage. In 2012 the estimates indicate approximately 44. 6% of US citizens have health care coverage, a decline of 1. % from the prior year (Young, 2013). At present, the US spends 1. 5 times more than other countries around the world (Kane, 2012, para. 8) with 90% percent of Americans who believe the US healthcare system needs fundamental changes or a complete overhaul (Center for American Progress, 2007, p. 3). Great Britain. In Britain, all citizens have healthcare coverage, a sharp contrast to the United States. 76% of citizens in Great Britain approve of the current system (Singer, 2009) and 9. 6% of GDP is spent on their healthcare needs (Kane, 2012, table 2). The country uses the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a resource for determining the rationing of health care services. NICE is an independent organization that provides national guidance and standards on the promotion of good health and the prevention and treatment of ill health (NHS Choices, 2011, para. 3). The organization focuses on: * Public health * Health technologies * Clinical practice * Quality standards * Quality and outcomes framework Canada. Possible Solution. QALY is an opportunity as a measurement for a unbiased approach to organizing healthcare under an umbrella of unified understanding. As a proponent to rationing of healthcare, QALY offers an approach that focuses on the best quality of life compared to that of life extensions. For example, an individual who is 3o years of age has a life expectancy of 70 years compared to that of someone who is 85 years of age who has exceeded their life expectancy. It is cost beneficial to provide life -saving medicine to the individual who is at 30 opposed to the one who are 85 because there is a greater bang for the buck. In essence QALY is a measurement that can help determine the best way to use resources and allocate funds toward the best overall outcome. Unfortunately this decision can result in death for those of less dire circumstances or for those that are less likely to result in successful outcomes. Until American citizens decide on the emphasis of cost vs. life the matter will remain unresolved. Until then, healthcare remains in a grey area where they attempt to balance the value of life with the costs that are associate with maintaining life. References Andre, C. amp; Velasquez, M. (2010). Aged-Based Health Care Rationing. Retrieved from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n3/age. html Center for American Progress. (2007). Health Care by the Numbers: Ensure Affordable Coverage for All. Retrieved from http://www. americanprogress. org/issues/healthcare/news/2007/05/03/2962/health-care-by-the-numbers/ Definition of ’Rationing’. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. inves topedia. com/terms/r/rationing. asp#axzz2Lp5M2H7u Kane, J. (2012). Health Costs: How the U. S. Compares With Other Countries. Retrieved from http://www. pbs. rg/newshour/rundown/2012/10/health-costs-how-the-us-compares-with-other-countries. html NHS Choices. (2011). Health watchdogs and authorities . Retrieved from http://www. nhs. uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/healthregulators/Pages/nice. aspx Pipes, S. C. (2008). Obama Will Ration Your Health Care. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB123060332638041525. html Rottenberg, S. , amp; Theroux, D. J. (1994). Rationing Health Care: Price Controls Are Hazardous to Our Health . Retrieved from http://www. independent. org/publications/article. asp? id=1201 Singer, P. (2009). Why We Must Ration Health Care. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/19/magazine/19healthcare-t. html? pagewanted=allamp;_r=0 The National Coalition on Health Care. (2011). Health Care Spending as Percentage of GDP Reaches All-Time High. Retrieved from http://nchc. org/node/1171 Ukleja Center for Ethical Leadership. (2012). Rationing Health Care. Retrieved from www. csulb. edu/colleges/cba/ucel/modules/documents/rationing-health Young, J. (2013). Number of Uninsured in U. S. Rises as Workers Lose Jobs and Health Insurance. Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/02/14/number-of-uninsured-in-us_n_1276189. html

Noras Decision in A Dolls House free essay sample

A Dolls House in the late 1800s when womens rights was a very controversial subject and the male dominated society was not yet ready to acknowledge women as equal counterparts. The antagonist of the play,Nora abandoned her husband and children without so much as a second thought. The literal sound of it may make one think it was selfish of her but if one reads between the lines one realizes that her decision was the outcome of years of built up frustration because of being under appreciated and oppressed. Noras decision,though rash was completely Justified and I would agree with her. The play starts with Nora instructing to her maid to hide the Christmas tree away before the kids come and her husband enters and fondly calls her names like squirrel and sky-lark. The first few paragraphs show how Noras role in her own house was scarcely more than taking care of her children and pleasing her husband like he were her lord. We will write a custom essay sample on Noras Decision in A Dolls House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The names Trovald calls Nora though cute are actually quite demeaning,in fact throught the play he disrespects her lovingly but consistently. ould go to the extent of saying that Trovalds attitude toward Nora was such that one may think she was nothing more than a possession,a prize or maybe even a glorified domestic pet for her husband. Nora in Trovalds life was as a slave would be,bearing and taking care of his children in return for food and shelter. Trovald also teases Nora about her buying the Christmas ornaments and shows her little respect by saying to her things like Dont disturb me. (pg 1681) and also in Act 3 when he says. Have a good long sleep; you know you are safe and sound under my wing. He also doesnt consider her as an equal in the household matters. He bars her from taking any responsibility in the household beyond dealing with the children. She is treated, by him, like a child herself. Moreover,Torvald also expects that Nora will agree with him on all matters of importance. His opinions are to be her opinions as if Nora was nothing but a mere extension of his great self Just like Eve was no more than Adams rib,his extension. All in all, he doesnt treat Nora as his equal and this is one of the reasons she is right in leaving. There is no reason why Nora should she stay in a house where she is regarded as a pretty object of amusement instead of her rightful designation as co- family head. ln Act 2 of the play, Nora distracts Torvald from reading his mail by dancing the Tarantella. She gets her way by promising to dance and sing and fill Torvalds life with happiness. Does the situation not sound a lot like what a concubine would do to get her way with her king or what a dog would do to get its way with its master? Nora is portrayed to be a selfless and devoted wife,mother and daughter. She is he epitome of the idealistic woman in the eyes of a male dominated society. She is shown to have been her fathers doll-child living all her childhood life in her fathers doll house and later as a doll-wife in her husbands doll house,ln a way she has been treated like a doll or an inanimate object all her life. She fulfilled the duties of an idealistic girl and woman all throught her life,to the extent that she began suppressing her individuality and self respect to fulfill her duties. This made it easier to tultill ner duties but in the meanwhile,witnout ner knowledge,suppressed ner ndividuality and self awareness. She even started fearing and accepting the fact that she was no more than a commodity passed down from her father to her husband. All this while she consoled herself by thinking that her husband loved her with all his heart and that he would give anything up for her as was she. But Nora came in for a rude shock when she realized that her individuality had no existence in her husbands eyes. When Trovald reads Krogstads letter his foremost reaction is of horror at losing his reputation,Now you have ruined my entire appiness, Jeopardized my whole future. lts terrible to think of. [pg 1727] This shows how Trovald with his sweet words was a cheap hypocrite and he cared for his reputation more than for his own wife who gave so much to him. That moment sparked in Nora a sense of individuality that we all have as members of the modern society. She must have been overcome by pain as her tower of falsified consolation that her husband loved her as deeply as she did came down crashing upon her. Her decision of leaving her house behind was first instigated out of her love for her usband but later reaffirmed by the realization that her husband didnt lover her more than his reputation and prestige. Once Nora realizes that she has been treated as a child by both her husband and her father, she knows that she has been treating her own children in the same fashion. She plays with them, calls them angels, loves them, but nonetheless treats them like dolls. In Act 3, Nora says to Torvald: l have been your doll-wife, Just as at home I was papas doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it reat fun when you played with me, Just as they thought it great fun when I played with them. [pg 1730] She then declares to Torvald that this playtime shall end and lessons shall begin clarifying to Trovald that her reason to leave was to break away from the shackles that bounded her to the Doll-house The scandal of borrowing money when Torvald was sick started this whole wonderful, but awful situation. In the very beginning (Act 1), Torvald scolds Nora for mentioning borrowing money to buy Christmas gifts. His statement foreshadows the plays end: Nora, you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing. There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. And right Torvald is. Nora realizes this in the end of Act 3 and decides to leave. She can not stay in the house once her husband finds out about her scandal. Nora was right in leaving because she was convinced that she and her husband could not live in peace once the scandal was out in the open. Even if Torvald forgave her completely, Nora knew that she was not capable of being societys image of a perfect mother and wife. She foremost wanted o learn how to be independent. She wanted live out on her own instead of in her dolls house. The way Trovald spoke to and treated his wife would enrage any feminist of our time to demand his conviction. His wrong attitude could be compared to the latest controversy over the singer-composer Robin Thickes song Blurred Lines. ln fact, Trovalds behavior was ten-fold as offensive as Mr. Robin Thickes. There is no valid reason in the realm of the reality we know to treat a woman,or any human being for that matter in the manner that Trovald treated his own wife. All Nora wanted at that moment was to recover from her great fall off the horse of falsified consoling that sne nad crea ed. t She wanted to give up ner talse sense ot security and individuality and her susceptibility to dominance of any kind and wanted to make herself fit to think for herself,work for herself and foremost fulfill her duty towards herself. God has created all humans in his image and hence we are all equal. Nora leaving a house which denied her this basic right of being treated as an equal human is completely Justified in the eyes of God and worldly law. Noras Decision in A Dolls House free essay sample Ibsen wrote the play A Dolls House in the late 1800s when womens rights was a very controversial subject and the male dominated society was not yet ready to acknowledge women as equal counterparts. The antagonist of the play,Nora abandoned her husband and children without so much as a second thought. The literal sound of it may make one think it was selfish of her but if one reads between the lines one realizes that her decision was the outcome of years of built up frustration because of being under appreciated and oppressed. Noras decision,though rash was completely justified and I would agree with her. The play starts with Nora instructing to her maid to hide the Christmas tree away before the kids come and her husband enters and fondly calls her names like squirrel and sky-lark. The first few paragraphs show how Noras role in her own house was scarcely more than taking care of her children and pleasing her husband like he were her lord. We will write a custom essay sample on Noras Decision in A Dolls House or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The names Trovald calls Nora though cute are actually quite demeaning,in fact throught the play he disrespects her lovingly but consistently. I could go to the extent of saying that Trovalds attitude toward Nora was such that one may think she was nothing more than a possession,a prize or maybe even a glorified domestic pet for her husband. Nora in Trovalds life was as a slave would be,bearing and taking care of his children in return for food and shelter. Trovald also teases Nora about her buying the Christmas ornaments and shows her little respect by saying to her things like Dont disturb me. (pg 1681) and also in Act 3 when he says. Have a good long sleep; you know you are safe and sound under my wing. He also doesnt consider her as an equal in the household matters. He bars her from taking any responsibility in the household beyond dealing with the children. She is treated, by him, like a child herself. Moreover,Torvald also expects that Nora will agree with him on all matters of importance. His opinions are to be her opinions as if Nora was nothing but a mere extension of his great self just like Eve was no more than Adams rib,his extension. All in all, he doesnt treat Nora as his equal and this is one of the reasons she is right in leaving. There is no reason why Nora should she stay in a house where she is regarded as a pretty object of amusement instead of her rightful designation as co-family head. In Act 2 of the play, Nora distracts Torvald from reading his mail by dancing the Tarantella. She gets her way by promising to dance and sing and fill Torvalds life with happiness. Does the situation not sound a lot like what a concubine would do to get her way with her king or what a dog would do to get its way with its master? Nora is portrayed to be a selfless and devoted wife,mother and daughter. She is the epitome of the idealistic woman in the eyes of a male dominated society. She is shown to have been her fathers doll-child living all her childhood life in her fathers doll house and later as a doll-wife in her husbands doll house,In a way she has been treated like a doll or an inanimate object all her life. She fulfilled the duties of an idealistic girl and woman all throught her life,to the extent that she began suppressing her individuality and self respect to fulfill her duties. This made it easier to fulfill her duties but in the meanwhile,without her knowledge,suppressed her individuality and self awareness. She even started fearing and accepting the fact that she was no more than a commodity passed down from her father to her husband. All this while she consoled herself by thinking that her husband loved her with all his heart and that he would give anything up for her as was she. But Nora came in for a rude shock when she realized that her individuality had no existence in her husbands eyes. When Trovald reads Krogstads letter his foremost reaction is of horror at losing his reputation,Now you have ruined my entire happiness, jeopardized my whole future. Its terrible to think of. [pg 1727] This shows how Trovald with his sweet words was a cheap hypocrite and he cared for his reputation more than for his own wife who gave so much to him. That moment sparked in Nora a sense of individuality that we all have as members of the modern society. She must have been overcome by pain as her tower of falsified consolation that her husband loved her as deeply as she did came down crashing upon her. Her decision of leaving her house behind was first instigated out of her love for her husband but later reaffirmed by the realization that her husband didnt lover her more than his reputation and prestige. Once Nora realizes that she has been treated as a child by both her husband and her father, she knows that she has been treating her own children in the same fashion. She plays with them, calls them angels, loves them, but nonetheless treats them like dolls. In Act 3, Nora says to Torvald: I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I was papas doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls. I thought it great fun when you played with me, just as they thought it great fun when I played with them. [pg 1730] She then declares to Torvald that this playtime shall end and lessons shall begin clarifying to Trovald that her reason to leave was to break away from the shackles that bounded her to the Doll-house The scandal of borrowing money when Torvald was sick started this whole wonderful, but awful situation. In the very beginning (Act 1), Torvald scolds Nora for mentioning borrowing money to buy Christmas gifts. His statement foreshadows the plays end: Nora, you know what I think about that. No debt, no borrowing. There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt. And right Torvald is. Nora realizes this in the end of Act 3 and decides to leave. She can not stay in the house once her husband finds out about her scandal. Nora was right in leaving because she was convinced that she and her husband could not live in peace once the scandal was out in the open. Even if Torvald forgave her completely, Nora knew that she was not capable of being societys image of a perfect mother and wife. She foremost wanted to learn how to be independent. She wanted live out on her own instead of in her dolls house. The way Trovald spoke to and treated his wife would enrage any feminist of our time to demand his conviction. His wrong attitude could be compared to the latest controversy over the singer-composer Robin Thickes song Blurred Lines. In fact,Trovalds behavior was ten-fold as offensive as Mr. Robin Thickes. There is no valid reason in the realm of the reality we know to treat a woman,or any human being for that matter in the manner that Trovald treated his own wife. All Nora wanted at that moment was to recover from her great fall off the horse of falsified consoling that she had created. She wanted to give up her false sense of security and individuality and her susceptibility to dominance of any kind and wanted to make herself fit to think for herself,work for herself and foremost fulfill her duty towards herself. God has created all humans in his image and hence we are all equal. Nora leaving a house which denied her this basic right of being treated as an equal human is completely justified in the eyes of God and worldly law.

How to Form and Use Possessive Adjectives

How to Form and Use Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership of an item or an idea. Possessive adjectives are very similar to possessive pronouns and the two are often confused. Take a look at these examples of possessive adjectives immediately followed by possessive pronouns used in a similar sense. Possessive Adjective Examples My dog is very friendly.Her book is red.Our house is painted yellow. Possessive Pronouns Examples That friendly dog is mine.The red book is hers.That yellow house is ours. If you are unsure focus on the placement of possessive adjectives which are placed directly before the noun they modify. Possessive Adjectives Usage Possessive adjectives are used when the reference to which person or thing is understood. For example: Jack lives on this street. His house is over there. The possessive adjective his refers to Jack because of the context. Remember that possessive adjectives come in front of the noun they modify. Here is a list of possessive adjectives: I - my carYou - your dogHe - his boatShe - her familyIt - its fabric(NOT its!)We - our classYou - your jobsThey - their toys Examples: I took my daughter to the movies.Where is your house?I picked up his book yesterday.Thats her car over there.Its color is red!Our company is doing very well.Your bicycles are located in the basement.Their toys are in the closet. Possessive Adjective Checklist Possessive adjectives are used in place of proper names Place adjectives directly before the noun they modifyPossessive adjectives are very similar in usage to possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives are used when the context is clear who is in possession of an objectNote the similarity in form between possessive adjectives and pronouns Use these resources for more detailed information on other possessive forms: Possessive Nouns - For example, Johns house, the bicycles color, etc. Possessive Pronouns - For example, that is mine, this is hers, etc. This general guide to possessive forms quickly compares all three types of possessive forms.

One of the exhibits from San Francisco academy of science museum that Essay

One of the exhibits from San Francisco academy of science museum that relates to physical anthropology - Essay Example nt life forms is to gain a detailed understanding regarding the evolution of modern species of animals, including human beings, which posit a relation to physical anthropology. Additionally, the paper attempts to highlight the behavioral patterns of these life forms. Through these exhibits, it is possible to piece together evidence of man and the life he lived in the ancient times. Such evidence makes it possible to estimate the exact period in which the said hominid lived, the habits and lifestyle he was accustomed to, as well as other dynamics he faced. Through the study of Selam, it is possible to prove numerous facts concerning the existence of early man. The Academy has the remains of an ancient child by the name Selam. These remains belong to a three-year-old child of the Australopithecus afarensis species. The fossils of Selam were discovered in Dikika in Ethiopia, four kilometers from where Lucy was found. ‘Lucy’ is believed by many archeologists to be the mother of Selam.The vestigial remains found consists of an entire torso, plus the arms and legs. Further indications suggest that the remains of Selam were buried after an event of great significance such as a flood. At the time of her death, Selam already possessed visible characteristics of her species, and these were already distinctively noticeable. The postcranial skeleton of Selam brings about many questions as to how she was able to cope with the landscape that she was in. However, research suggests that she was a creature who walked on two legs. Many researchers question how she was able to walk bipedally because its upper body contained many primitive traits. The lower body, however, shows visible adaptations that proved capability to walk. Selam had legs that were built for walking and fingers that were built for climbing. Many features on the body of this species suggest that she was also an arboreal creature (Price, 2012). Further analysis of Selam suggests that she possesses shoulder

Humanitarianism and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Humanitarianism and Security - Essay Example This essay declares that humanitarianism operates in the best historical of emancipator ethics. It aspires to keep people alive, to expand their opportunities, and to provide them much control over their fates. It does that through various interventions, all defended on the basis that they improve the welfare and health of others who are too powerless and weak to help themselves. A variety of private and public actors contributes to humanitarian action, among them states, commercial outfits, religious bodies, philanthropies and various individuals. This paper makes a conclusion that humanitarian action they play a crucial function in saving lives across the globe. Humanitarianism as a doctrine ought to be man's duty to strive to promote the welfare of fellow mankind. In practicality, this has not been the case in many countries. Many academicians and other professional have questioned whether development and humanitarianism conventionally related. They have critic the ever increasingly involvement of government in humanitarian assistance and their motives. Humanitarian aid has been seen to be used as a political tool. However in recent years there has been hope in ‘new humanitarianism’. There exist a ‘new humanitarianism’ for the new century. ‘New humanitarianism’ is ‘principled,' ‘human rights focused and always politically sensitive. ‘New humanitarianism’ marks a break from the historical governance of humanitarian programs. It is a new concept in humanitarians a nd advocates for the system claims it can only get better with time.

Toyota Company Strategic Planning

Toyota Company Strategic Planning TOYOTA COMPANY 1.0 Companys Description Toyota Motor Corporation is engaged in manufacture of passenger cars and their assembly, minivans, recreational and sport vehicles worldwide. Toyota has a network of more than 45 manufacturing companies and 12 plants affiliated in Japan. Toyota is working on its strategic global vision program of 2010. This program describes the long term Toyotas policies like recycling of goods and pro-environmental stance. Toyota has its global vision to respect the different people and communities and providing the new marketing opportunities in Asian markets and aims to get more than 35% of vehicle by the tapping the emerging markets. In automobile industry the need of the local customization and global strategy required the regional production. After 1990 Toyota has become first organized car manufacturer. The main targeted markets of Toyota industry are the Europe, North America and Asia with capability to customize the regional markets. Toyota has reacted very quickly and bypassed the regional and trade barriers; based upon the local suppliers to impact the cost efficiencies. 2.0 Strengths of Toyota Toyota possesses much strength due to its quality products and reputation. Prices of the Toyotas products are not affordable as the automakers in America, however Toyota has continued to succeed because customer rely and depend on its products. Toyota has been number one in sale of cars in 2007 and also 2008 better. Toyota has two different significant opportunities. Toyota has a step ahead of its competitors due to its hybrid products; as eco-friendly consumers demand the new brands. Toyota has scope to develop and design the technology for the advance models. Other opportunity lies in untapped market of youth; Scion has brought an inspiring revolution. The Marketing, product design and credit assistance are other hallmarks of Toyota which will prove to be great opportunities in future. Globally Toyota has several regions for its business and purchasing power of large Chinas population has been recognized. This has created a place for the Toyota to set up its headquarters in China. The purchase of Toyotas full size truck is increased in South America due to strengthen of its economy. In Middle East the demand of full size Toyotas SUVs is increased. This has resulted in the acknowledgement of opportunities of Toyota. Toyota has acted according to the streamlines of its export system. 2.1 Global Strategy Toyota is ranked among five best companies of automobile industry with total 500 companies. Toyota has made success in global strategies. It has a clear agenda to distribute the channels, production, marketing and supply chain aspects. Toyotas best production system and continuous improvements are the essential pieces of its global strategy. Concept of Kaizen (continuous improvement) has empowered the company to think about the new strategies and methods no matter in any area of the company. TPS (Toyota Production System) makes a link between the global automaker to manage the supply chain system, inventory management, production capabilities and planning methods. This TPS has empowered the Toyota to dominate the global automobile industry. Actually the Toyota is based in Japan but it has established itself throughout the world. No doubt the Toyota is most well known automobile brand of the world. Toyotas market is based upon the mission: Stable long-term growth, while striving for h armony with people, society and the environment (Toyota Motor Corporation Home Page). Toyota is providing thousands of jobs in America. Cultural, economic and social issues have allowed the Toyota to move beyond the brand equity and shaped an international marketing place for Toyota and achieved the success as a global corporation. 3.0 Rivalry of Toyota When Nissan and Toyota entered in American market the cost advantage for Toyota increased over the American companies. The market share of Toyota in Japan was higher which forced the Nissan to cut the costs of their best cars. Both Nissan and Toyota made rapid increase in shares in Japan. Toyota also impacted the car companies of America. Detroit made efforts to manufacture the small cars but could stay before the products of Toyota Company. Other rival companies included the Ford, General Motors and Volkswagen. It is best know that cars of Americas companies are cheaper in price but not reliable as compared to products of Toyota. Before Toyota the Volkswagen was main dominant company in USA market. Volkswagen being the best foreign car supplier company had shared 60% in USA market. For example Volkswagen Beetle was the best car in America before the Toyota introduced its Toyota Corolla in 1975. Volkswagens cars have the vibration problems but Toyota possessed the powerful cars witho ut vibration problems. The yen currency also played an important role to sell the Toyota more cars than Volkswagen. Japans yen was weaker as compared to German mark which made the Japans currency and goods cheaper for the purchasers in America. 3.1 Bargaining Power: Toyota has facilitated the Buyers and supplier of Toyotas cars as rental car companies liked to buy large number of cars which did not affect the overall prices of cars. When raw material for cars (steel, fiberglass and plastic) is lowered due in price there are many supplier and bargaining power of supplier is neglible. The sale of Prius exceeded when overseas units were added to it. The launch situation of Pirus in America and Europe market occurred in a same as in Japan. Local municipalities and people who love to use the new technologies always purchase the Toyota cars. 3.2 Competitor Analysis Toyota operates in car bodies and motor vehicle center. This analysis is done by comparing the Toyota Motors with other three main companies as shown below 3.2.1 Honda Motors: The sale of the Honda Motors during the year 2010 was noted to be 101.92 $ with 76% Automobile business. 3.2.2 Nissan Motors: The sale of the Nissan Motors cars was $ 89.31 billion during the year 2010 with automobiles 93%. 3.2.3 Motors Liquidation Company: This Company is based in USA and its sale during the year 2008 was noted as $148.98 billion with 99% automotive products. 3.2.4 Toyota Motors: The sale of the Toyota motors was $225.14 billion which decreased to 7.7% versus 2009, when companys sale exceeded to 2010 years sale. Consumers of Toyota cars prefer to purchase the Toyotas cars because these are reliable motor cars. During the 2008 survey Toyota and Lexus model won the 11 segment awards out of total 19 (Toyotas Home Page). This show the commitment of Toyota to its quality products; which also shows that quality of the Toyota Products is the same wherever they are manufactured. It can be said that these products are manufactured by the Toyota. 4.0 Current Attractiveness of Toyota 4.1 Relations with suppliers Toyota has established good relations with its suppliers to build a harmonious and mutual society. As the business of Toyota has been expanded on a global scale the Toyota is stressing more on close relationships to achieve the customers satisfaction. Toyota does respect of its suppliers throughout the world to promote the development and mutual growth. Toyota believes in CSR activities and issued a guideline for the suppliers in 2009. Toyota is focusing to make joint manufacturing activities with suppliers to improve the working practices. To promote the sale of cars in next five years on the basic principle of Customer first, dealer second, third manufacture Toyota is acting on the policy to benefit their dealers. Toyota has more than 170 distributers and 8000 dealers located in overseas countries. In this way Toyota engages its partners in many ways. 4.2 Acceptable car building by Toyota When Prius the first hybrid car was produced with new technology, it was expected to sale this car in various countries. Prius was welcomed at different locations which proved its popularity but usage conditions like culture, regulations and traffic situations were required to do more for the acceptance of Prius a global brand of Toyota. The potential problems and deep understanding of advantages was needed to be focused upon in two next years. 4.3 Innovative Cars A hybrid system enabled the Toyota to produce the large medium and minivans for their customers. All designers of Toyota dreamed to build an innovative car which offered more enjoyment during driving and riding with low fuel consumption. Estima Hybrid is a example of such cars. Manufacturing of such cars was started before the Prius with great technical issues but Toyota was successful to introduce this kind of cars. As mentioned above Toyota wanted to expand its Hybrid system to evolve the automobile industry in next 5 years of 21st century. Company wants to produce more than 300,000 units per year in next few years. Toyota Company wants improvement in its Environmental Action Plan 2011 in six key areas: Change in Climate and Energy, Air Quality, substances, recycling and resource utilization, Environmental management and Societal Cooperation. Company wants to reduce the Carbon dioxide emission to ensure that environment is kept clean by adopting and observing all economy fuels values. 5.0 Companys Strategies There are main four marketing mix components which are shaped in a way to fight the firms in market and provide the easy access to companys products and services. 5.1 Product Strategy The company is focusing on strategies to compete the other firms by adopting a mass production program to sell its product in global market. A hybrid product can enhance its production to meet the demands of changing market. 5.2 Location Strategy Toyota is a global producer of automobiles and their components, Toyota has positioned itself at the most central locations where it has clear and very optimistic control over the companys products and their delivery to customers. In next three years Toyota Company aims to achieve the 35% of market share. 5.3 Promotion Strategy Toyota Company is determinant towards pricing mechanism which can give it an edge over its competitors. Company can get highest level in automobile industry by using the best pricing method to get the hold of market. 5.4 Pricing Strategy Toyota Company is producing new vehicles of best quality which can be purchased at a reasonable price. The new pricing strategy is aimed to attract more customers throughout the world. 5.5 Target Market Strategies Each unit of Toyota is designed in a way to attract the targeted markets. The design of the vehicle cars is based on their speed, external appearance like color and shape. There are two seat model cars with high speed, small in size designed for the adventurous young people. Young people like to make drives on smooth tarmac roads, rough and rugged terrains (Thomas, 2001). People in America have made complaints about the Toyotas products in design and flair as compared to GM and Ford. Launch of V8 pick up resulted in response to this ambitious and a big volume of sale is in progress. Overall Toyota is giving hard time to its competitors as it experienced a recall and holding the leadership position in market. 5.6 Corporate Strategy Stability, growth and efficiency are the main components of the companys financial strategy. Company is optimistic towards the automotive market in producing the fuel-efficient, electro and segment vehicles in next coming years. Company is focusing to invest in the technologies for the sustainability and growth of advanced units to meet the customers needs. Adequate liquidity is the next step of Toyota Company to invite more investments to improve its technology for the next generation technology (Annual report of Toyota 2009). Automakers in USA are in struggle to improve their strategies and operations to match the Toyotas strategies and operations. US automakers have said that three dimensions of Toyotas business plan they seek to emulate. These three dimensions include the Toyotas Production System with manageable legacy costs, high quality vehicles and dealers network. Although the Toyota Production System (TPS) has encountered serious quality issues yet Toyota is dominating the American markets. Toyota is also replacing the GM products by giving the timely attentions to correct the issues with a best teamwork. Toyota has learn very painful lessons and concentrated on its TPS system with continuous improvement while other automakers have felt difficulty to implement these systems. Toyota has leant more about the US market and GM motors are also following to make the small cars like Toyota. GM could not continue to work at a joint venture with Toyota. 6.0 Potential Challenges for the Rivals of Toyota The new firms need a strategy development to face the challenges of rivalry from Toyota. This strategy consists of creation of new brands and exploiting the new resources with new aspiration and distinct from Toyota. Mercedes is in effort to tackle these issues to make A-class small vehicles. Porter (1980) has defined the strategic group where firms or groups follow the same dimensions with similar strategy. The concept of strategic group was well developed in the following years (McGee and Thomas 1986). The use of the Porters five forces is very useful to examine the forces which act on the automobile industry. New entrants in automobile industry face the issues of capital requirements, brands equity, legislation and ability to distribute their products. Another force which offers barriers for the new entrants are the bargaining powers of buyers and customers. Toyota is well established automobile with best brands it will be hard for the new firms to get the share of automobile mark et in a short time. Customers always buy the car of well known company and avoid purchasing the car of new entered company. Conclusions In this paper we have discussed the history of the Toyota Company with new development in car industry. Competitors of the Toyota are also given with data of their sales and compared it with Toyota Company. The sale of the Toyota recorded in the financial year 2009 was higher than the year 2010. Toyota Company is focusing upon the global strategy to attract the worlds most famous markets throughout the world and achieving more than 35% shares of car markets. Automakers in USA are try to match the Toyotas products by offering the best quality cars with reasonable prices. It is discussed that how the Toyota is providing best cars and services to its customers and suppliers by a strategic planning. Porters five forces are also included in this paper to analyze the impacts of these forces on automobile industry. We have learnt that Toyota is a leading the automobile industry due to its best strategic planning throughout the world.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne three main characters are taught that they are forced to live with the mistakes they have made. 'One must be response for his/her own actions and be willing to accept the consequences of those actions.'; Hester, Dimmesdale and Chillingworth must all face these 'consequences.'; If you do something in life and you know its wrong that means yu are willing to accept the consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hester knows she has done something wrong. She has committed a sin and knows she will be punished for it. She is punished by being forced to wear the letter 'A'; on her bust and never remove it and to also stand in front of everyone on the scaffold in the center of town. She is reminded of her sins because of her daughter who was a result of the affair. She sees her everyday and cherishes every moment she has with her. They try to take Pearl away but Hester will not allow them to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dimmesdale has also committed adultery with Hester. As a result he is forced to keep this secret deep with in. His punishments are for it to eat him alive and slowly tear away at his heart until he is actually dead. He knew what he did is wrong he just could not tell anyone because he was ashamed of it, but this is not saying that he's not in love with Hester because that's why it happened. That is his second punishment being denied the wish of spending the rest of their lives together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chillingworth committed the worst sin out of all of them. He wanted to get back at Dimmesdale so he was trying to commit revenge. In fact his punishment for this was watching Dimmesdale dye but not by any fault of his own but by the secret he had kept from everyone else. Chillingworth fate was to dye knowing what happened and be able to do anything about it because he is a cold-hearted evil man.

World Religions Study Exam Study Guide

EXAM REVIEW HRF3O1 Unit 1 Approaches to Religion 1. Explain the meaning of the following terms; * Ascetic, Agnostic, Polytheistic, Monotheistic, Religious Impulse, Sacred, Secular, Animism and Humanist Ascetic: One who practices very strict devotions using sever of self-denial. Agnostic: A person who doubts that humans can know the existence of a possible God and the possible existence of anything beyond this life. Polytheism: Belief in more than one God. Monotheistic: Believing in only one God. Religious Impulse: The universal urge to believe in something beyond ourselves.Sacred: Connected with religion. Secular: Connected with or belonging to the material world. Animism: The attribution of a living soul to plants, animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. Humanist: An adherent of humanism- an outlook or system of thought that views humankind, rather than spirituality or religion, as the source of all value or meaning. 2. Explain the connection (or lack of one) between reli gion and ethnicity. Religion is primarily concerned with beliefs, rituals and practices, while ethnicity refers to a person’s origins, race, culture but not necessarily his or her religion. . Define Pop Culture. Provide examples of the influence on traditional concepts of religion. Pop Culture: Commercial culture based on popular taste. A negative influence that pop culture has had, would be the negative image we have of Muslims, labeling them all as terrorists, based on a small minority. 4. Define Culture and describe how it is learned. Culture: The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. Culture is learned through our family, our school, our friends, and our society.Things that limit what we learn culturally could be laws, or society’s expectations of us, our â€Å"class. † 5. Identify the world’s 3 â€Å"Great Religions†. Why are they considered â€Å"Great†? Islam, Christianity and Judaism. They are geographically spread, old, complex scriptures, many places of worship, involves the roles of people. 6. Identify 3 reasons people feel the need to practice religion. People feel the need to practice religion out of fear, out of wonder, to answer questions, to give them a guide in life, it helps them find themselves, etc. 7.All spiritual systems share some â€Å"universal† similarities. Identify and explain 3 of these. Organized institutions, Church, Synagogue, Mosque, places to practice their religions. Rules of conduct; the Five Pillars, the Ten Commandments, etc. , rules they must follow to guide them in life. Sacred writings or scriptures; the source of information for their practices and beliefs, or a sacred written history. Other examples would be a belief in the afterlife, salvation, ideas that parallel good & evil, etc. 8. How does religion provide both social harmony and social control?It could provide social harmony because it brings people together, gives them something to do, something to believe in, most religions are based off of ideas of good and evil, so if someone practices this, they will be trying to stay good, therefore making social aspects better too. It could provide social control again, because there are rules to be followed in that religion, and through history there have been attempts to convert everyone into a certain religion, or places that have a state religion, makes the religion a way to control the people. . Explain the difference between Fact and Opinion. How could you tell if someone is bias? Fact: A thing that is indisputably the case. Opinion: A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. You could tell someone is biased if they have had a previous experience that makes them lean a certain way, or if they got incorrect information from somewhere. Someone is usually bias is they have an extreme opinion- either positive or negative. 10. Provide 2 examples each of a pri mary source and a secondary source.A Primary Source could be an auto biography, or an interview with the person whom you’re talking about. A Secondary Source could be the Bible, or a documentary based on something that happened in history. 11. Explain the difference between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. Cultural Relativism: Understanding the ways of other cultures and not judging these practices according to one's own cultural ways. Aboriginal Spirituality 1. Define Residential schools. What was the purpose of these schools?Residential schools were schools that Aboriginal children were forced into, and were abused, while people tried to assimilate them into European culture, by separating them from their parents, their language and their culture. 2. Define Self Government. What did the Indian Acts of 1895 encourage? Self-Government: Government of a political unit by its own people. They encouraged Ab original peoples to give up their culture and adopt â€Å"white ways. † 3. What is Oral History? Describe the Native views of Creation vs. our own. Oral History is the communication of stories and lessons of history by speaking fluently, listening and understanding.Aboriginal Creation stories usually involve several spirits or animals, where our Creation stories usually come from a supreme Creator. Unit 2: Early Religions Zoroastrianism 12. Identify the founder of Zoroastrianism Zarathustra was the founder of Zoroastrianism. 13. Explain the 3 similarities Zoroastrianism has with one of the â€Å"Big 3† religions. (Great Religions) It is very old, it is monotheistic and believes in one supreme being/god (Ahura Mazda), a belief in an afterlife, i. e. , good people spend their afterlife with Ahura Mazda, and bad people spend it with Angra Mainyu. (Parallels good and evils tendencies. ) 14.What is the significance of fire for Zoroastrians? Fire signifies the divine. 15. Wh ere is Zoroastrianism origins to be found geographically? It began in Azerbaijan, Iran around 1700 BCE. 16. What are the two main gods in Zoroastrianism? What happens to the â€Å"soul† after death in Zoroastrian beliefs? The two main gods are Ahura Mazda, the good god and supreme creator, and Angra Mainyu, the bad god and evil spirit of death and violence. 17. Explain the Zoroastrian death rituals. The bodies are placed in Dakhmas where the bones are picked clean by vultures. 18. Explain the symbolism used in the Faravahar. What does each part represent?The Faravahar, is to remind one of the purpose of life on this earth, which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses spiritually and attains union with Ahura-Mazda. Center Circle: Represents the soul of the individual. Wings: Allow the soul to progress and evolve. Five layers of wings represent the five divine songs (Gathas) of Zarathustra, the five divisions of the day (Gehs), and the five senses. Long Curved Legs: Represents the opposing forces of good and evil. A conflict occurs between the two and a person must choose which path to follow. Tail: Helps the soul to balance itself between these forces (like a rudder).Three layers of the tail represent:1. Good thoughts2. Good deeds3. Good words Head: Every soul has free choice to either obey or disobey the divine natural laws. Ring in Hands: Symbolizes the cycles of rebirth on this earth and planes the soul can undergo. Jainism 1. In what ways does a Jain achieve salvation/liberation? They must be fully ascetic and monasticism. A path to liberation (Moksha) consists of: i. Right Perceptionii. Right Knowledgeiii) Right Conduct They must conquer material existence to release oneself from Samara (the cycle of births and re-births) 2. What is Sallekhana?Compare with anorexia. Sallekhana is the voluntary death by fasting. Anorexia is an eating disorder where a person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight, or to lose weight. Mentally it gives the victim control when they feel they can’t control other aspects of their life. Compared to Sallekhana, anorexia is a mental disorder where the person doesn’t understand anymore that they can die from not eating, versus Sallekhana, where the person is wishing to achieve liberation through fasting, and is a spiritual decision to detach oneself from the material world by starving themselves to death. . Explain Karma, Moksha, and Samsara, and Atomism in the context of Jainism. Karma: The sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. Moksha: Release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. Samsara: The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. 4. Identify 3 Rules of Conduct for a Jain and explain them. a. Ahimsa (Non-Violence, through thought word or deed) b. Celibacy c. No stealing 5. Sketch the symbol for Jainism and explain each part of the figure.Taois m 1. What does â€Å"Tao† mean? How is this included in Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism? Tao means â€Å"The Way†. Confucianism one best maintains the Tao via alignment with existing social values, so defined by tradition and cultural morays. Taoism believes that by to follow the Tao you must ‘sit and do nothing’, ‘go with the flow’ as we can’t have control over the way. The Shinto tradition focuses on the worship of the pure to the exclusion of the impure, and focuses on nature, although there is no Tao. 2. Explain the significance of Huang Di, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu for Taoism.Huang Di: The first sort of founder for Taoism. Lao Tzu: Wrote the Lao Tzu and is one of the most ‘famous’ founders of Taoism. Chuang Tzu: He wrote the Tao Te Ching. 3. What is the major difference between Eastern Religions and Western Religions in your opinion? Western religions hold a distinction that humans are the most important, where Easte rn religions tend to believe everything is alive, and has a soul. Western religions believe in a supreme creator, Eastern religions tend to believe that nature is divine, and that there is no one god.In Western religions the source of happiness and salvation are through a relationship with the supreme creator, or â€Å"God†, whereas Eastern religions believe that enlightenment and liberation is within oneself. 4. Sketch a Yin-Yang in your notes. Identify 3 points for each. The small circle in each side represents that there is a little bit of dark in light and vice versa. 5. What is Wu-Wei? Provide an example. Wu-Wei means do nothing, let nature take its course. If someone happens you don’t like, don’t try to fight it, it’s natural to happen and you’ll be messing with life’s natural cycle if you try to stop it. . Why is Taoism concerned with physical health? Provide ways that physical health is promoted Among Taoists. Taoism believes that to keep the body pure (the vessel of the spirit) that you are also being healthy spiritually. Being physically healthy helps your mind stay clear. Confucianism 1. What did Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) experience that made him so revered? Confucius experienced heartache. His father died when he was a toddler, and his mother died later on. He was born out of wed-lock, and was â€Å"kicked out† of him family. Confucius was kind of a loner, being giant, and ‘ugly’ didn’t have many friends.Confucius experienced rejection from people of power but never stopped trying. People admire Confucius for his accomplishments even when he had such a hard life. 2. What is the â€Å"Golden Rule†? Was Confucius a founder? The Golden Rule is a code of moral and ethics. â€Å"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. † Confucius was a founder, since he believe that no matter what rank, people should be judged based on their quality (intellect, wisdom), inst ead of looks , power or wealth. 3. Identify and explain the 5 virtues. 1. Ren: The virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity. . Yi: Honesty and uprightness. 3. Zhi: Knowledge 4. Xin: The virtue of faithfulness and integrity 5. Li: Correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship. Shintoism 1. Why is comparing Shintoism to other religions difficult? There is no founder, no ritual use of scripture, and no organized teachings. It is seen more as folklore and mythology. 2. How is Shintoism adaptable and tolerant? 3. Identify the main deities in Shintoism. Who were their offspring? Who was most significant? Izanagi-no-Mikoto (brother/husband) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (sister/wife).Their offspring was Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun and Universe. Amaterasu was the most significant. 4. What is a torii gate? What is the purpose of the gate? A torii gate marks the transition from a profane place to a sacred place and is usually the entrance to a Shinto Shrine. 5. How is purification apparent in Shinto ritual and prayer? Cleanliness is an important part of Shinto and before entering any sacred place on must be clean. Cleaning represents purification, and before entering some shrines, you must rinse your mouth out at a special station. 6. What exactly do Shintoists worship?Shintoists believe in worshipping the natural world to establish communion, harmony and peace with its spirits and deities through prayer and ritual. In their view, moral and physical purity is a basic law. Shintoists worship Kami, divine beings, gods/goddesses who inhabit the water, the ground, the air, all parts of nature. 7. What are the major Shinto varieties? Folk Shinto: A looser form of Shinto, not so involved, and revolved more around the basic gods and myths of Shinto. State (Shrine) Shinto: There was emphasis that the emperor was a divine being, being a descendant of Amaterasu herself, making him a sort of God.Sect Shinto: Practices the worship of Kami, through shrine s dedicated to particular Kami. Unit 3 : Eastern Religions : Hinduism and Buddhism 1. What did the Aryans have to do with the origins of Hinduism? The Aryan settlers created poems and later texts on rituals and philosophy. Aryan religious thought flourished between 1500 to 500 BCE and was embodied in a collection of works called Vedas, which are considered Hinduism’s earliest sacred writing. To this day, Hindus consider the Vedas to be the authoritive scripture. 2. What does â€Å"you are that† mean? What is a Puja? You are that† refers to the Hindu idea that everything and everyone is Brahma. That by worshipping other gods, you are still worshipping Brahma because he is everything. That you are also Brahma (in a way) because Brahma is everything. Puja is a common thanksgiving ritual that involves offerings of flowers, food and other articles to deities 3. Who was Mahatma Ghandi and how did Jainism influence him? Ghandi was a peaceful leader who believed that thi ngs can be achieved or settled in a peaceful way. He believed that you could be against something, or protest something, without being violent, following along with Ahimsa in Jainism. . What are Bindi and Tilak? What can they mean for Hindus? The Bindi is the represent the third eye, and to strengthen the 6th Chakra, is worn by married women to show they are married and should be respected as such. Tilak is a sandalwood paste, in which there are different colours, and when worn in different colours, or fashions on the face, it shows people what God you worship. 5. Identify the 3 main Hindu Gods. Brahma; the Creator, Vishnu; the Preserver, Shiva; the Destroyer. 6. What are the laws of Manu? What did this mean for Women? It is a law book that affirms the Hindu concepts of dharma, caste, and the four arms of life.It deals with religious practice, law, and politics. Brahmins accept this, but it is rejected by other castes. For women this means they are expected to follow the rules of th e Manu, which means bearing sons, never being without a man’s presence, having to do traditional cooking and cleaning, etc. Sort of repressed. 7. Identify and describe the main Hindu Goddesses and their consorts. Saraswati: Goddess of learning and the arts, which is why she is depicted holding a book and a musical instrument called a veena. She rides a swan or peacock, her consort is Brahma.Parvati: Mother Goddess, worshiped as Shakti, or female energy. Changes into Durga or Kali according to different levels of anger, representing the different levels of Shakti. She is Shiva’s consort. Lakshmi: Goddess of wealth, happiness, and good fortune. 8. What is the Ramayana and what is the significance? An Epic which contains 240 000 verses. It is the story of Prince Rama, who is worshipped throughout the Hindu world as the 7th avatar of God Vishnu. The epic represents the constant struggle between good and evil forces, where good eventually prevails. Intro. To Buddhism: 1.Why is Buddhism becoming more popular in the West? Buddhism is becoming more popular in the West because it fills a spiritual void that â€Å"Western† religions can’t fill. It is more of a philosophy and can appeal to anyone. It allows the idea that anyone can achieve liberation through the practice, again not ceremonies like Western religions tend to revolve around, i. e. meditation instead of church, peaceful behaviour instead of preaching beliefs, etc. 2. What does Buddhism emphasize? Buddhism emphasizes practicing the teachings rather than to engage in ceremony in ritual. There is also a large emphasis on meditation. . What does Buddhism believe about people in search of truth? 4. What is Buddhism’s ultimate goal? The ultimate goal is to end human suffering Origins: 1. When and where was Buddhism founded? It was founded in India, 6th Century BCE. 2. Who was Siddhartha Guatama? What does his name mean? Siddhartha Guatama was the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha m eans â€Å"the one who has achieved his goal. † 3. Describe Siddhartha’s miraculous birth. What did the Brahmins say about Queen Maya’s dream/the baby? What did King Suddhodana hop for his son and how did he protect him from the â€Å"real† world?Siddhartha was conceived as a baby white elephant, and his mother could see him in the womb. After 10 months of carrying the baby, his mother gave birth leaning against a tree, which lowered its branch to help her during labour. After he was born, water poured from the sky the wash him and his mother, though he was hardly dirty. After his birth, he took 7 steps and said, â€Å"This is my last birth. † The Brahmins told Queen Maya that she would give birth to a son, and that if he accepted the world, he would become King of all India, but if he rejected the world, he would become a redeemer of mankind.The King Suddhodana was more interested in his son becoming a king, so he made sure Siddhartha had everythi ng he could possibly want, and shielded him from suffering, so that he accepted the world. 4. What changed Siddhartha at the age of 29? Describe what he saw. Siddhartha discovered suffering. The first day he went outside the palace he saw an old man. The next day, he saw a man riddled with disease. The third day, he saw someone pushing a cart with a corpse on it, followed by a grieving mother and her children. The last day he saw a monk, who seemed like he had been through the hardships of life, but accepted them with peace and serenity.He realized that he too needed to solve this riddle to life. So he left his wife and son in the middle of the night. 5. What steps did Siddhartha take to find an answer on lifestyle choices? What was his conclusion? What did he learn about deeds? What state did he achieve? First he studied under Hindu hermits until he had learned all that they could teach. He then became an ascetic, giving up worldly pleasures and eating only a bean a day to survive. Siddhartha was close to death from fasting before his friends came and fed him. He realized that too much deprivation was as harmful as too much luxury, and the idea of â€Å"the Middle Way† was born. . What does Buddha mean? What did he believe about one’s personal salvation? Buddha means â€Å"the enlightened one† or â€Å"the awakened one. † He believed that everyone has to find their own liberation-which is within us all. 7. What Hindu aspects did Buddha accept and reject? The Buddha rejected the caste system, Hindu rituals and offerings to gods, theories, language of Sanskrit (he used Pali), nirvana being only possible for Brahmins, the authority of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Concepts that he accepted are those in the idea of reincarnation. 8. Describe the First Sermon.Define dharma, bhikkus, sangha and bhikku sangha. The First Sermon was when Siddhartha went back to the 5 ascetics and told them about this â€Å"Middle Way†, telling them h ow neither extreme was good- but that the path to liberation was one of moderation. This was his first teaching, so it is known as the First Sermon. Bhikku: A fully ordained monk who has left his home and renounced all his possessions in order to follow the way of the Buddha. Sangha: The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Bhikku Sangha: The community of fully ordained monks and nuns. 9. Describe Buddha’s death.What did he say to his followers? What state did he achieve? When he was over 80 years old the Buddha took a poisoned meal and ate- even though he knew it was poisoned, just to be courteous. He lie on his deathbed, surrounded by his followers, and he spoke : â€Å"In all my lifetime, two meals stand out supreme: one was the meal that I ate before I sat under the Bo tree, after which I received enlightenment; the other, tonight at the home of my dear friend, Cunda, after which I shall receive NiNana. † And he died. Buddhist Beliefs: 1. How is Buddhism an intros pective religion? What do Buddhist teachings express?Buddhism is an introspective religion because it is subjective, not objective. It is based off one’s perception, and experiences, not â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil. † It focuses on bettering oneself, rather than changing the things around them. Buddhist teachings express that nothing is permanent, so why fret, over something when everything is always changing and we can’t stop it. 2. Describe women in Buddhism? Who is Buddha Tara? Women in Buddhism are as equal as men. They are allowed to become nuns, and are allowed to practice in general. It is believed that women are also able to achieve nirvana, just as much as men are.The Buddha Tara is a figure in Buddhist teachings- who vowed to take rebirth as a woman until she became a Buddha. 3. Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta are the characteristics of what doctrine? What do they mean? Anicca(Impermanence): represents the idea that the world is in a constant flux and that nothing stays the same for long. Impermanence is a fundamental feature of everything. Dukkha(Dissatisfaction): represents the idea that all humans and animals experience suffering. Physical and mental pain, are good examples. Feelings of continuous happiness or pleasure do not exist since these feelings only last for a limited amount of time.Dukkha touches everything in life. Anatta(no-self): is the notion that we cannot point to any one thing in ourselves and say it is our self. No single part of the body, is a human, only the parts put together makes the whole person. That is the same in that our mind, body, and spirit make up our â€Å"self†. These three things are the â€Å"Three Characteristics of Existence. † They make up everything outside nirvana. 4. Buddha wanted to find the cause of unhappiness and its treatments. What did he come up with? What are the central themes? The Buddha found that suffering is cause by craving and aversion. It is caused by our p erception. . The 5 Precepts are the â€Å"rules† that Buddhists follow. What are these rules? List the additional precepts monks/nuns observe. The Noble Eightfold path is comparable to what according to the film Religions of the World? 1. Abstain from killing or harming living beings 2. Abstain from stealing 3. Abstain from improper sexual conduct 4. Abstain from false speech 5. Abstain from taking alcohol and drugs (Additional precepts) 6. Abstain from eating after noon 7. Abstain from looking at dancing, singing or drama 8. Abstain from the use of perfumes and things that tend to beautify and adorn a person 9.Abstain from using comfortable beds 10. Abstain from accepting gold or silver 5. Who/what are the Three Refuges? What does each represent? The Three Refuges AKA the Triple Jewel, are the Buddha (the guide), the dharma (the path) and the Sangha (companions and teachers. ) 6. Who practices the Six Perfections? List the Six Perfections. A Bodhisattva practices the Six Per fections which include: giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom. Symbols and Icons: 1. What does the Wheel of Life represent? What is found in each circle? Who has control over the circle?The Wheel of Life represents the endless cycle of births and uncontrolled rebirths (samsara. )The inner circle holds a bird, a pig, and a snake. These represent the human vices that keep the wheel turning- greed, ignorance, and hatred. The goal is to conquer these vices. The second ring shows the forms we take when we are reborn. The white half shows Heaven, the black shows Hell. The third ring shows the many regions into which one can be reborn. They represent real places and are not metaphors for states of mind. This ring includes experiences we may have as humans, i. e. suffering/pleasure.The images in the outer circle represent the twelve causes of endless rebirths: the old, bind person is ignorance, the potter creating a pot means actions, the monkey climbing the tree of sam sara represents consciousness, the man rowing a boat means name and form(body), a house with six doors and windows means the senses, a man and woman embracing means contact, the arrow in the eye means feeling, the man drinking alcohol depicts craving, the monkey grabbing fruit illustrates grasping, a women in labour depicts existence, a baby being born indicates birth, and finally a man carrying a corpse represents aging and death.The Wheel of Life is held in the teeth of Yama; the Lord of Death, and there is no single being inside the wheel who is outside the control of death. Only the Buddha is outside the wheel, pointing at the moon symbolizing nirvana. 2. What is the Mandala used for? What monks are required to make Mandalas? What happens to the Mandala after it is used? While the Mandala is being made it is used for prayer and meditation. When it is finished, monks recite chants and prayers before it is swept away, which symbolizes impermanence. 3.What influences the portrayal of Buddha images? When did these images start to pop up? There are images of Buddha to help followers remember their path, and to remember the meaning of his teachings, and honour his memory as a person, and the fact that he fact that he escaped Samsara. The images are to remind Buddhists, remember, and to honour. 4. Practice the 9 different Mudras and know what they represent. 5. What is found in the Stupas? Relics of the Buddha and other holy figures are found in the Stupas. 6. Describe how Lotus flowers symbolically represent humans.The vision is that some of the flowers are bogged down in the mud, and some about to bloom. The comparison is that all people have the ability to develop their potential and rise from an undesirable life. 7. What are Buddhapadas? Name 2 symbols found on them? Buddhapadas are the representations of Buddha’s footprints, and are revered in all Buddhist countries, believed to be places where Buddha stood. Symbols could be the Buddha, or sacred whee ls on the â€Å"soles† of these footprints . Practices, Rituals and Festivals: 1. What is karma? How did the film Religions of the World define it?Karma: â€Å"Action† or law of cause and effect; the totality of one’s thoughts and actions, which determines one’s fate in the next life. 2. What are the common offerings and what do they represent? Flowers- because as they fade and wilt, they emphasize the notion of impermanence. Incense Sticks- burn in the home and the temple to symbolize the Buddha’s â€Å"odour of sanctity. † Light of a candle- representing Buddha’s enlightenment. 3. Compare Buddha, Dhamma, and Sanhga Day. Buddha Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of May, surrounding the belief that the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha happened on this day.People assemble on the grounds of the monasteries, bringing flowers, lit candles and incense sticks. They walk around the main hall three times while reciting the Thre e Refuges. Dhamma Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of July, being the day of the First Sermon, people gather and offer food to monks, nuns and novices in Deer Park. At night, people give food to the poor, observe the Five Precepts, and practice meditation. Sanhga Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of March, commemorates two important events in the Buddha’s life.The first was the proclamation of the basic principles of Buddhist teachings, and the second was a sermon called the Basis of Success. Food is offered to monks, and people engage in good karma accumulating activities. Followers observe the Five Precepts and attend a sermon at the monastery. Groups and Institutions: 1. Compare the 3 main schools: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Theravada: Practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Considered the original and more conservative school of Buddhism. Only recognizes Tripitaka, as scripture. Focuses on the teachings of Buddha, not Buddha himself.They rely on meditation and insight to attain nirvana. They believe that humans are individuals, the key virtue is wisdom, religions is for monks, the ideal being is the Arhat, that Buddha is a saint, and prayer through meditation. Mahayana: Practiced in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. A more liberal school, and see Buddha as a divine being. Emphasis on Bodhisattvas. They believe that humans are involved with others, that the key virtue is compassion, religion is also for lay people, the ideal being is Bodhisattva, Buddha is saviour, and prayer for request.Vajrayana: Practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Focuses on rituals, such as mantras, and material creations attached to Buddhism such as mandalas. Focuses on the Dalai Lama, who is their spiritual leader. 2 . Where is Zen practiced? What does it emphasize? What are koans? Zen in practiced in the Rinzai School, and the Soto school. Koans are riddles used to test students on their enlightenment. Unit 4: Western Religions: Judaism and Chri stianity Judaism 1. Define: Tanakh, Torah, and Talmud. What is the difference between these?Tanakh: The Jewish Bible consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the writings. Torah: Refers to the Law of Moses as well as the rest of the Hebrew Scriptures and the entire belief system of the Jewish faith. The word Torah is often translated as meaning â€Å"law†, but a more accurate translation is â€Å"teaching† or â€Å"instruction†. Talmud: Rabbinic teachings derived from the Mishnah. It is the main source of Jewish teaching from the medieval period to the present. The Torah is the first five books of the Tanakh, the Hebrew bible. Know to Christians as the old testament.The Talmud is a collection of rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew bible, Jewish history, and other such things. You can consider the Talmud to be an encyclopedia of commentary. 2. In a few points differentiate between the 4 main Jewish denominations. 1. Orthodox Judaism: Orthodox Jews believe tha t God gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at Mount Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) that are binding upon Jews. Modern Orthodox Jews strictly observe halakhah (Jewish Law), but still integrate into modern society.Ultra-Orthodox Jews, which includes Chasidic Jews, strictly observe Jewish laws and do not integrate into modern society by dressing distinctively and living separately. 2. Conservative Judaism: Conservative Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from God, but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component. Conservative Judaism generally accepts the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), but believes that the Law should adapt, absorbing aspects of the predominant culture while remaining true to Judaism's values. 3. Reform Judaism:Reform Judaism believes that the Torah was written by different human sources, rather than by God, and then later combined. While Reform Judaism does not accept the bi nding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), the movement does retain much of the values and ethics of Judaism as well as some of the practices and culture. Reconstructionist Judaism: Reconstructionist believe that Judaism is an â€Å"evolving religious civilization. † In one way it is more liberal than Reform Judaism – the movement does not believe in a personified deity that is active in history and does not believe that God chose the Jewish people.In another way Reconstructionist Judaism is less liberal than Reform Judaism – Reconstructionist may observe Jewish Law, not because it is a binding Law from God, but because it is a valuable cultural remnant. 3. Explain the significance of the following people in the historical development of Judaism; Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, the Rabbis. Abraham was instructed by God to move to a special land to raise a nation. God chose Abraham and promised to bless him and make him a â€Å"great nation†. The idea of Godâ €™s Covenant. During the time of Moses, God’s Covenant took on a new meaning.The Mosaic ties would have God provide His people with the Ten Commandments that would allow him to keep his Covenant. Moses came to Mount Horeb, called the mountain of God in the Book of Exodus. He encountered God through a burning bush. God revealed that the cries of the Israelites had been heard and that they would be set free through Moses. (Passover). David scored a number of military victories over his enemies and eventually established Jerusalem as his capital city. Solomon built a temple that would serve as a centre of worship for the Jewish faith for the next millennium.Rabbi: A Jewish scholar or teacher, especially of the Law, a person appointed as a Jewish religious leader. 4. What are Kashrut and Terafah? Kashrut: The Jewish dietary Laws; the active adherence to the rules of being Kosher. Terafah: nonkosher: not conforming to dietary laws. 5. Describe the Jewish rituals. What are some of the â€Å"items† used in Jewish rituals? Synagogue, Kiddush, minyan, yarmulke, tallis, tefillin, Shabbat, Rosh Hashannah, Yom kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach, Seder, chametz, Haggadah, circumcision. 6.Explain how both God and those of the Jewish faith uphold the Covenant. The idea of the Covenant is that the Jewish people are God’s people and part of His Covenant. In turn they must do His will to be in His Covenant. 7. Explain Mitzvah, Barakhah, and Halakah. Mitzvah: A commandment from God; the act of performing a good deed. The most well-known mitzvoth are the Ten Commandments. Barakhah: A blessing. Halakah: The legal part of Talmudic literature, an interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures. 8. Explain Bar Mitzvah and what it means for a young Jewish boy.Bar Mitzvah: The religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of thirteen. This means they can now be a part of the Minyan. Christianity 1. Identify the importance of the following on the life of Jesus Christ and Christianity: Augustus Caesar, Pontius Pilate, Pax Romana, The Sanhedrin, Roman Tolerance, Constantine. Augustus Caesar was the Emperor when Jesus was born. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor who ordered that Jesus be crucified. Pax Romana was a time when Rome was very powerful and relatively peaceful, during which Christianity multiplied rapidly.The Sanhedrin: The highest court of justice and the supreme council in ancient Jerusalem. The Roman empire had a tolerance for Christianity allowing it to spread during the times of the Pax Romana. Constantine was a Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity. 2. Summarize the following: Lent, Easter, Christmas, Epiphany, Ascension and Pentecost. Lent is a 40 day period of time, in which Christians give up something, symbolically representing how Jesus went into the desert for 40 days. Easter is the holiest Christian holiday, celebrating Jesus’ Resurrection.Christmas is the day celebrating Jesus birth. Epiphan y, twelve days after Christmas, used to commemorate the revelation of Jesus as God’s son at the time of his baptism in the Jordan River. When the Holy spirit granted the apostles with spiritual gifts and abilities fifty days after Easter allowing them to go into Jerusalem and proclaim their faith enthusiastically. 3. Outline the fundamental beliefs of Christians as outline in the Nicene Creed of 325 CE. They believe in one God, and that Jesus Christ is His son.That Jesus shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, the belief in the Holy Spirit, the catholic and apostolic church, and the acknowledgement of baptism for the forgiveness of sins. 4. Who wrote the Gospels of the New Testament? Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. 5. In what ways is the Catholic belief â€Å"outwardly† expressed? Through the Pope, one of the most well-known religious leaders in the current world. It is not just based on one’s own belief and faith, but also through oneâ€℠¢s actions and how they speak, proclaiming their faith, making it known through thought, word and action. . Identify the Sacraments of Christianity (i. e. Confirmation). Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. 7. What was the Great Schism? What caused it? What was the result? The Great Schism was a split between the Eastern and Western Church, caused by mainly the accepted or rejection of the Pop and his authority, and the filioque cause, using â€Å" and the Son† at the end of the Nicene Creed, where as other groups believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds solely from the Holy Father, and not from the Son.This resulted in the two groups to separate and become their own denominations. 8. What was the Protestant reformation? Explain the difference between Catholicism and Protestanism. The Protestant Reformation was the reform of the western church in protest to its practices. Orthodox and Roman Churches had always focused on the importance of both faith and works, Protestantism is the belief of salvation through faith alone, which turned the belief inward, rather than focusing on outward sings.